Othello And His Tragic Flaw Essay Research free essay sample

Othello And His Tragic Flaw Essay, Research Paper Catastrophes much of the time center around an unfortunate legend who has an imperfection that at last leads to his ruin. That imperfection is typically alluded to as a grievous deformity that is intrinsic to the individual and can reflect his experience. In Aristotle # 8217 ; s Poeticss, he talks about the hypothesis of disaster and what standard is key in an perfect disaster. Orchestrating to Aristotle, the appalling imperfection is the most of import part of the saint and the occasions that happen in the work is a thought of that imperfection. In William Shakespeare # 8217 ; s Othello, Othello is an top of the line outline of an Aristotelean deplorable saint. His gullibility and green-looked at beast are the main ground of his ruin. Othello exchanges with affection bound as a result of gullibility and green-looked at beast. Aristotle # 8217 ; s hypothesis of cataclysm, found in the Poetics, exchanges with the highlights of dramatizations that make them a genuine disaster, and highlights are other than imperative in giving shows their genuine meaning of a disaster. We will compose a custom paper test on Othello And His Tragic Flaw Essay Research or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Blending to Aristotle, the life and mind of disaster is mystery plan. Episodes in the mystery plan have the best outcome on the off chance that they happen all of a sudden, and in actuality of each other. An extraordinary catastrophe holds the crowd with the mystery plan. Aristotle other than states that the feeling of the unavoidable must be available in catastrophe. The grievous legend is other than another of import factor in an Aristotelean cataclysm. The central character must be baronial, have a higher height than most work powers, and have preferred characteristics over optional characters. In any case, the main character should other than display his surrenders. The vast majority of import bit of an Aristotelean grievous legend is the awful imperfection. He should hold that deformity for a mind-blowing duration and it will play the essential capacity in his ruin, while mirroring his experience. Another segment of the central character is that he is annihilated without anyone else, non by others, horrible luck, or debasement. These are the guidelines important to be delegated a perfect cataclysm and Othello meets that standards. The boss character, Othello, is an old style delineation of an appalling legend, and he has the fundamental components that coordinate him up to be a genuine legend characterized by Aristotle. Othello, being a fighter for his entire life, is viewed as an extremely genuine man.. His rubric altogether, senator general, presents a demeanor of nobility, affirmation, and quality. The rubric characterizes individual who is held in immensely high respect by the individuals of Venice. During Act 1, Scene 3, the Duke and a couple of Senators are talking issues around an even exhibit when Othello goes into the room. It # 8217 ; s clear that Othello is held in high respect when, as he enters, one of the congresspersons territories Here comes Brabantio and the valorous Moor ( 47 ) . Othello # 8217 ; s affirmation in himself, another of his positive properties, is plainly depicted as he shields himself and his late marriage to Desdemona, the young lady of the Venetian Senator Barbantio. With all due respect, he connects himself with one of the incredible 1s of the universe. He other than exhibits affirmation in himself and his activities when Brabantio, Desdemona # 8217 ; s insulted male parent, blames the Moor for witchery. His height, that of a tall, dull, African Moor, joined with his own attractive fascination, help him in inferring the respect and responsibility of the Venetian individuals and legislators. The respect of the individuals is brought Forward in Act 1, Scene 2, when Montano, the Governor of Cyprus, is anticipating the coming to of Othello # 8217 ; s transport, following a solid tempest adrift, and remarks he has # 8220 ; served him # 8221 ; and the grown-up male [ Othello ] orders/Like a full warrior # 8221 ; ( 35-36 ) . He other than alludes to him as the # 8220 ; climate Othello # 8221 ; ( 38 ) . Othello is other than held in respect by his work powers, the officers, and all through the show is alluded to as a # 8220 ; commander, # 8221 ; a term Britnee Jade 2 continued from Roman occasions which delineates a leader of an organization of work powers, or an alleged # 8220 ; troopers fighter # 8221 ; . He is a demonstrated pioneer of work powers and known for his military cognizance and achievements. His soldierlike ways are a result of working a military limit since the early age of seven. Respect, dauntlessness, a solid confidence in confidence, discretion and sound judgment are a couple of Othello # 8217 ; s other positive properties depicted in the dramatization. His affirmation in himself and his courage are obviously clear when Othello makes a base before Brabantio, Roderigo and Iago, when following the drawing of their cutting edges, Othello, rather than withdrawing in the face of threat jokes # 8220 ; Keep up your splendid sharp edges, for the dew will erode them # 8221 ; ( 59-60 ) . Shakespeare keeps on depicting Othello as a very much regarded Ruler all through his show, from get bringing down to stop. Shakespeare other than appears a delicate side when he shows Othello # 8217 ; s love and confirmation in his wedded lady Desdemona. In Act 1 Scene 3, Othello endows his wedded lady to the consideration of another man of honor and his wedded lady as he should venture out off to war in Cyprus. The endowed grown-up male and his wedded lady proceed to be his old buddy Iago and his wedded lady Emilia. Othello shows his trust and confirmation in the two his wedded lady and his official [ Iago ] when he remarks to Iago # 8220 ; to his [ Iago s ] transport I dole out my wedded lady # 8221 ; ( 286 ) . His reliability make him a significantly regarded person. Through nobility, respect, love, and trust, Othello is viewed as an genuine and commendable grown-up male. Be that as it may, Othello # 8217 ; s foundation was unsophisticated, and would every now and again sway his mentality. Othello is a person who is guiltless and base in nature. He was affected by the way his life was going on. Othello # 8217 ; s proclamation, His guilelessness and inadequacy of illumination is uncovered in this proclamation. # 8220 ; Perdition get my mind however I do cherish thee. What's more, when I love thee non, anarchy is come back once more. # 8221 ; ( move 3, Sc. 3, line 100 ) , demonstrated that he felt his life was just all together in the event that he is cherished. The individuals around Othello other than knew about his demeanor. Iago was extremely rapid to see this. In his first monolog, Iago said # 8220 ; the Moor is of a free and detached nature that thinks work powers legitimate that however appear to be so. # 8221 ; ( 1,3,442 ) Iago knew about Othello # 8217 ; s coming up short. Othello # 8217 ; s guilelessness and corruption makes him powerless to being subverted by individuals. Iago other than uncovers his program to use the Moor # 8217 ; s gullibility against him. Othello is obviously a person who accepts visual angles versus world. At the point when Othello was told about an issue among Desdemona and Cassio, he begun to go greedy. Bing that person who accepts visual perspectives, he needed optic pertinent proof of Desdemona # 8217 ; s disloyalty. Indeed, even a shallow piece of grounds would hold been adequate. In his announcement, # 8220 ; Give me an actual existence ground she is unfaithful. # 8221 ; ( 3,3,446 ) , Othello uncovered that he would accept in anything he saw. This is an away from of his guilelessness and that visual perspectives can gull him. Othel lo’s words is the verifiable in proclamation that decided his sentiments. The shocking imperfection of guilelessness would take his sentiments to do terrible decisions. The entirety of his highlights made him an unmistakable Aristotelean terrible legend. Othello # 8217 ; s terrible imperfection of guilelessness is uncovered all through the class of the dramatization. He other than built up a green-peered toward beast that was brought about by his guilelessness. Iago is the quickening agent of Othello # 8217 ; s procured green-looked at beast. His conspiring was delivered upon the unsuspicious Othello all through the dramatization. Iago # 8217 ; s unethical behavior was organized on using falsenesss and insinuations to play on Othello # 8217 ; s guilelessness. Iago showed up as a legitimate homo being, Britnee Jade 3 in any case, in world he was a malevolent person. Iago made a snare that was simple purchased in to by Othello. Iago knows Othello # 8217 ; s deformities and exploits them. Othello # 8217 ; s guilelessness is extremely clear to Iago, and his free and detached nature makes him helpless against being deceived by Iago. Iago # 8217 ; s insight peruse Othello # 8217 ; s corruption. At the point when the underlying talk of an issue between Desdemona and Cassio was embedded in Othello # 8217 ; s caput, Iago developed his trust with the Moor by expressing, # 8220 ; O, be careful, my Godhead of green-peered toward beast! It is the desirous beast which doth mock the meat it benefits from. # 8221 ; ( 3,3,195 ) Iago, being a grown-up male of achievements and quick ones, bewares Othello of the risks of green-peered toward beast # 8230 ; a similar green-looked at beast being ingrained in Othello by Iago. He purposefully plays off of Othello # 8217 ; s guilelessness all through the show. Othello # 8217 ; s guilelessness persuaded lies and allusions by Iago. Othello is overpowered by the entirety of the allusions and lies. Othello # 8217 ; s gullibility, his disastrous imperfection, is the fundamental ground of his ruin. Othello at long last becomes surpassed with the entirety of the green-looked at beast that is in his head. The contention among affection and disdain going on in Othello # 8217 ; s head is plainly found in the st

Bush and Hitler - Parallel Lives :: Politics Political

An Asymmetric Discussion of Shoes, the Process of Moving, and 3D Glasses

An Asymmetric Discussion of Shoes, the Process of Moving, and 3D Glasses Today I will tell you how to get into MIT. You get into MIT by wearing thick, waterproof shoes, because the road to MIT is paved with slush. (Yes, all of them. I tried.) Slush blooms like grey wildflowers on concrete during murkily warm, precipitation-infatuated Januaries. This I gleaned from a morning of traipsing from car-to-door with luggage stuffed like roasted peppers (the stuffed kind, you know), ferrying the bare-stripped evidence of my baryonic selfhood in three suitcases, two boxes, and a broken laundry hamper mashed onto the cushions of a green car. (Is “green” somewhat of a creative-imagery let-down? To be specific, the car was nearly the exact color of the Green Party logo, but I thought that “Green-Party-green car” would be too much of a modifier sandwich.) Slush, puddled with motor juice under thin skins of ice, is the terror of unscotchgarded ankles in urban New England. Slush is a test of courage and moral fiber. MIT is not a school for the daintily-shod. For that, I direct you to the sun-drenched, flip-flop-friendly sidewalks of that other school in Southern California, where the socially-repulsive pairing of socks with sandals is an acceptable solution to hard weather. (By “hard,” I mean “comparatively pleasant.”) By the way, Im sure some of you think that “shoes” is a metaphor for perseverance, academic ambition, or high SAT scores, but I urge you to read this literally. Forget having brilliant ideas or scientific ingenuity or whatever; you cant pulverize a chunk of snow in your path by factoring large integers on a quantum computer in polynomial time, unless your shoe also runs Shors algorithm.* *Inexplicably, as I was writing this, I mentally permuted a well-known tongue-twister into “Shoes solve Shor cells in the C shell.” Long story shor(t), I moved out of Random Hall and into pika on Monday. The purest of all unimportant joys may well be the clarity of knowing exactly what you own. To be precise, I have no clue whether I own any free will* or whether I still own my Intro to Solid State Chem. textbook after lending it out to some guy named Cappie, but theres little point in chasing after the unanswerable. After the sad, sweet, soul-searching-and-room-searching process of moving out of Random Hall, I can list everything I own that interacts with photons and has never interacted with Cappie. *Evidence against the existence of free will: I lost the game while writing this. So I typed out this poem. Apologies to anyone who can read; after 1.5 years at MIT, I consider poetry to be a list of junk in my suitcases with line indentations partially inspired by e.e. cummings* and partially inspired by Python code. *By “e.e. cummings,” I mean “the Wikipedia entry on e.e. cummings.” Unmachinewashable sweaters, Unmachinewashable electronics (laptop, etc.), A problem set for 8.07 sublimated by Maxwell Stress Tensor puns (I was tired that week, alright? I just couldnt feel any sympathy for how stressed and tense the electromagnetic field was.), A mechanical caterpillar, Name-brand ketchup (Heinz) as well as a phonetic ripoff of name-brand ketchup (Hunts), Van Gogh flipbook in which the artist cyclically loses and regains his ear if you flip it forwards and backwards in sequence, Stephen Hawkings Universe (although hes been asking for it back. Not that I wanted it in the first place, considering how much entropy he put in it.), Stamps, the kind that last for- ever supposedly. (Stephen Hawking hates these stamps because they violate all sorts of physical laws when they fall into black holes.), Five bottles of free hand sanitizer, courtesy of H1N1. (In a moment of face-slapping irony, I realized soonafter that my list of possessions does not in fact include a room at pika, thanks to technical details of the housing system. For the past week, Ive been sleeping in the back of Ruths room, storing my unmachinewashable luggage in Dave GradStudents room without his knowledge/consent, and waking up every morning in gorgeous pools of sunlight that softy obliterate my aversion to homelessness.) Between transferring addresses, splurging a weekend on Mystery Hunt, helping build a sounding rocket with an X-ray telescope (its going into outer space in 2011! As opposed to inner space, which is where mathematicians like to take dot products), cramming a 16-week class into 4 weeks, grading for the class that convinced me to major in Physics a year ago, not blogging, and sleeping five hours per night, Ive been tossing a problem around in the liminal spaces between rational thought and crazy conjecture. Im going to share it here, with the warning that it lurks around in a playground of optical physics and offers to give you plenty of brain candy if you follow it a bit further. (Dont take candy from strange physics questions.) A few weeks ago, my friend Aviv* went to see a certain movie and returned home with a pair of magical 3D glasses. They were magical not only because theyll probably win an Academy Award for Best Inanimate Object in Cinema but also because of the strange way in which they filtered light. When Aviv looked in the mirror through his new glasses and closed his left** eye, he saw one lens of the glasses go dark while the other one remained transparent. Take a guess. Which lens was which? *Avivs defining characteristics are (1) competence at both computer programming and roller-skating (he worked for Google and roller skates in Boston regularly without getting concussions) and (2) surviving on a diet consisting of only broccoli, strawberry yogurt, and chewy bars. Unrelatedly, the most bizarre thing that Ive said to a mathematician recently was, “Did you know that if you cut up broccoli, you just end up with exponentially more broccoli than you had originally? Thats because broccoli is a fractal.” **Left and right here will always be in reference to Aviv, not the mirror image of Aviv. If youve read that 3D glasses usually work by polarization, the natural assumption is that the left lens went dark when Aviv closed his left eye. Imagine that the left lens is horizontally polarized while the right is vertically polarized. The light from Avivs closed (left) eye is horizontally polarized after it passes through the left lens, remains horizontally polarized when it bounces off the mirror at near-normal incidence, and gets completely blocked by the vertically-polarizing lens over Avivs open (right) eye. Thus, he doesnt see any light from the area covered by the left lens of his glasses, whereas the vertically-polarized light from his right eye still gets through the vertically-polarized right lens. Great! Problem solved. Now lets go make a PBS special. Except that exactly the opposite phenomenon happened. When Aviv closed his left eye, he saw the right lens go dark. That is, he could see his closed eye but couldnt see his open eye in the mirror. [EDIT: Just to be clear, I ruled out the possibility of the linear polarizing system described above as soon as he mentioned this. Avatar was released in three different 3D formats, according to Wikipedia, and two of them offer interesting solutions to Avivs question.] After 15 minutes of Googling all possible combinations of “Avatar,” “3D glasses,” “what the heck, I thought I knew how light worked,” I stumbled upon a paper summarizing the technical specs of the Avatar glasses. (The discovery of this document is left as an exercise to the reader.) Quickly cobbling together a few scraps of peripheral 8.03 knowledge, I scribbled down a halfway decent explanation and went to bed. The next morning, I decided it was basically all wrong. Two hours later, I decided it could be workable with a few changes. And then I decided that I simply needed more data. Thus, gentle reader, I implore you to try the following tests and post your observations if you happen to have a pair of Avatar 3D glasses and a mirror within close reach: 1.Put on the glasses, look in the mirror, close one eye. Do you confirm Avivs observation? 2.Look at light reflecting off a surface at an angle of around 50-60 degrees from the normal. Close one eye. Close the other eye. Does the light disappear either way? If so, open the eye that doesnt block the light, close the other eye, and tilt your head 90 degrees or until sufficiently uncomfortable. See if the intensity of light changes. 3.Repeat both of the above tests wearing the glasses backwards. (That is, face the outside of the glasses toward your eye.) 4.Repeat Test 1 with a reflective metal surface instead of a mirror. In the meantime, I encourage you to comment here if you have an explanation. Scientific backing is appreciated but not necessary.

Business Administration Salaries 2019

One of the most important considerations to make when considering an education and career is salary. The salaries in Business Administration vary greatly since the field offers such diverse opportunities in many different industries. Hence, salaries are influenced by such factors as type of industry, department, and the education and experience of the Business Administration employee. Salaries for Business Administration also vary by state, region, and city. As with most careers, salaries in the business administration arena increase with education and the level of degree attained by the employee. A college degree is the most influential tool when negotiating salary. There are many resources available for the Business Administration employee looking for a salary increase. The Internet offers many websites that offer salary statistics according to job title and state/region. It is important to be educated regarding the salary averages of your area and job title before beginning to negotiate salary. These sites also offer illustration of the major differences in salary in particular Business Administration positions among employees that possess college degrees and those employees that do not. As expected, salaries in every area of the United States are lower among employes in the Business Administration field that do not possess a college degree. Additionally, the difference in salaries among employees possessing a Bachelors, Masters and Doctorate degree are illustrated as increasing with the level of education. .u707a7520cac625b313e5661bfa8af55c { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u707a7520cac625b313e5661bfa8af55c:active, .u707a7520cac625b313e5661bfa8af55c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u707a7520cac625b313e5661bfa8af55c { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u707a7520cac625b313e5661bfa8af55c .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u707a7520cac625b313e5661bfa8af55c .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u707a7520cac625b313e5661bfa8af55c:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Minnesota Colleges and Universities Pursuing Online and Campus Based Education in MinnesotaSeveral colleges offer continuing education in Business Administration for the employee looking to negotiate or increase salary. The University of Phoenix, Westwood College, and Capella University all offer programs in the Business Administration industry. These colleges, in addition to many others, offer the Business Administration employee the opportunity to advance and negotiate/increase salary conveniently by enabling the student to complete degrees online while still working full-time. It has never been more convenient than now to seek and obtain a college degree to increase or negotiate salary. The good news for those seeking a career in Business Administration is that its opportunities and specialties are so diverse and its students are in high demand in every field, making salaries very negotiable between the employee and the employer, provided that the employee seeks further knowledge and skills through college education. If you are considering an education in Business Administration, take time to research salary statistics in the industry and department that you plan to specialize in, noting that your salary improves with the level of degree you attain. Below are outlined some of the national average salaries for many of the most common Business Administration titles. Marketing Manager $137,797 Plant Manager $104,619 Property Manager $47,066 Productions Control Manager $54,198 Payroll Manager $61,743 Public Relations Manger $66,194 Contract Adminitrations Manager $79,842 Loan Branch Manger $75,583 Personnel Manager $69,403 Sales Manager $58,258 Benefits Manager $67,582 Account Executive $40,371 Accountant $42,615 Account Manager $71,119 Parks Administration Director $75,914 Family Resources Director $75,830 Employment Services Director $75,765 Employee Relations Manager $65,788 EEO Supervisor $56,010 Consumer Affairs Director $75,577 Community Center Director $75,532 Business Consultant $71,972 Bank President $76,193 .u398367a3cabd08714353445fa0891da5 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u398367a3cabd08714353445fa0891da5:active, .u398367a3cabd08714353445fa0891da5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u398367a3cabd08714353445fa0891da5 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u398367a3cabd08714353445fa0891da5 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u398367a3cabd08714353445fa0891da5 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u398367a3cabd08714353445fa0891da5:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Health Care Administration CareersRelated ArticlesFinding a Business Administration CareerBusiness Administration ManagementWorking in Human ResourcesA Doctor of Business Administration Degree Unlocks the Door to the Global EconomyAssociate Degree Business Administration Salary Does an AA in Business PayAll About SBA Grants

Is Government Interference Right Essay - 583 Words

Should government have the right to interfere in our private lives? Does being part of a representative democracy mean that we abdicate our freedom to make our own choices in the name of the good of all? Should the government have the right to interfere in our private lives? Democracy guarantees freedom. One might then argue that a government should allow people to act according to their own free will. But there are two sides to every coin. Absolute independence might not lead to anything productive in an interdependent society as ours. There needs to be a basic framework of rules and guidelines to which all participants in that society agree to. According to Hobbes, human nature is such that if there were no rules or a law enforcing†¦show more content†¦Further taking the economic perspective into account, this would even help the nation as a whole by increasing its total production and achieving economic growth. This in turn could lead to greater equality amongst the citizens and the whole theory about levying taxes prospective in nature could be dropped without having any arguments. Government also tries to control our lives and means of sustenance by the affirmative action policies it has adopted. Democracy should ensure people the right to work irrespective of race or ethnicity. Worthy people have lost in this competition of the labor market just because he is not of some particular caste or religion. It sure has some positive sides to it but then again the minorities can be protected and nurtured by following the same policies of encouraging education and training in skills used in this labor market. Thus in my opinion, being a part of the representative democracy does not essentially imply that we renounce our freedom for the good of all. Further I feel that democracy has an in built system by which though people act in a manner such as to benefit themselves, in doing so the nation as a whole moves forward. This then further reduced the need of any more interference in our lives by our governments. The government though should enforce the laws, which ensure us with our rights and freedom to make our own choices. This should beShow MoreRelatedThe Argument Of Money Is A Lack Of Political Freedom888 Words   |  4 PagesCohen’s main argument is that a lack of money is a lack of political freedom. Freedom is a lack of interference. Money provides freedom in the form of taking out interference with access to different services (Cohen, 182). Money is not a way to avoid interference but a way to bypass it. The conclusion to his argument is that money is an implied freedom. Money has no purpose but to overcome interference. It cannot supply actual freedom to everyone, but it holds the potential glimmer of freedom. 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There should be no more laws made letting the government interfere in the private lives of people and if there are, people should stand up against this invasion in people’s privacy and sat no. Should the government have the right to interfere in people’s private lives? Does being a part of a representative democracy mean that people can give up their freedom to make their own choices to benefitRead MoreEssay On Russian Interference755 Words   |  4 Pageshigh, domestically and globally. One headline in particular has become a permanent fixture in the media: foreign interference, specifically Russian, in the presidential election. Since the conclusion of the election, seventeen intelligence agencies of the US government have stated with confidence that they believe Russian interference took place (Montanaro 2017). This alleged interference took the form of â€Å"hacking† into compute r systems, coordinated propaganda dispersal, and incriminating e-mail â€Å"leaks†

Women Are Better Parents Than Men Free Essays

Both mothers and fathers contribute to their full extent and provide us with utmost facilities. The try to give their children with best clothes to wear , provide good foods to eat etc , so that their children get proper development. All that parents earn is for their children so that they can have settled life . We will write a custom essay sample on Women Are Better Parents Than Men or any similar topic only for you Order Now They provide their children with best possible education so that their children can stand on their own and compete in the world later on . Most of the fathers do jobs so that they best earn for their children and provide their families with a happy life. The fathers usually become the role models for their children . Meanwhile , the mother take full care of their children and teaches them manners of how to live . The both parents are the best teacher for any child . Both parties have their important role as parents , and an ideal child is one that gets the support of both . However , now the question arises that who is better between the two? Whom do the children love the most. The mothers are one those who give birth to a child and suffer the pain during the early nourishment of a child . Most of the working women , when turns into a mother , have to sacrifice jobs , earnings etc . The mothers are more nurturing by birth . Every wife has a dream to become a mother ,so that she can give her love and care that God has gifted to her . It is by-nature that mothers are more loving and close towards their children than fathers . It doesn ‘t mean that fathers are not close to their children , but the feeling that a mother is gifted , cannot be matched by the fathers . Women also stay with their children more than men because men tend to be busy working. Most women are usually at home with their children, This provide children someone to be close to and who understands you. Once a women becomes a mother , she leaves her everything and her main goal is to give the child best care . The best time for a mother is to spend with their children . The mothers are by-nature more emotionally to their children . The mothers do everything for their children without complaining to anyone . Such as she cleans off all the mess of their children and feeds them. Due to psychological perspective, is that children are more important to their mothers than to their fathers. So at the end if you reflect on the facts and how the society think of it always goes to the women side. The children are more into their mother than father because of the treatment, love and care they get from their mother. How to cite Women Are Better Parents Than Men, Essay examples

Literature Review Students Perspectives

Question: Discuss about the Literature Reviewfor Students Perspectives. Answer: Literature Review: Types of Online Collaborative Tools for higher Education: In the competitive educational structure, postgraduate students need to focus on different types of advance technologies for enhancing their skills, knowledge, creativity and interpersonal skills in an effective way (Hidayanto Setyady, 2014). Increasing popularity of internet has provided variety of options for the students to use different online collaborative technique for fulfilling all the business objectives in an effective manner. For instance, Students can look to utilize cloud based technologies for availing help from the professors. Availability of iCloud and Zoho Docs has provided students the opportunity to deal with different provided assignments from any locations. Cloud based collaboration also provide free access cloud storage facilities where students can share different important documents related to the group project for achieving higher grades in the semester. On the other hand, increasing popularity of different social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter and Skype has provided opportunity to the students to access expert guidance (Purcell, Buchanan Friedrich, 2013). For instance, video calling facility of Skype has provided postgraduate students the facility to communicate with professors or friends for getting immediate help in educational activities. Microsoft Office 365 is another popular online platform for the postgraduate students, which can make massive impact on the career enhancement perspective (Biasutti Heba, 2012). It has allowed students to complete different complex assignments in a very short span of time. Positive and negative Impact of Online Collaborative Tools for higher Education: Constructive psychologist advocates the use of different e-commerce tools for cognitive development of the postgraduate students (Cheung Vogel, 2013). Connectivism and constructive learning theory has also emphasized the fact that use of online collaboration tools will allow students to develop proper understanding among each other. For that reason, it would also help in increasing the team development skills of the students. It also connects students and professors from different geographical locations that can also create positive impact on the educational development perspective. However, it can also create challenges for the students in constructing effective communicational structure, which might affect the flexibility and interest of the students in a major way (Kirschner, Buckingham-Shum Carr, 2012). In addition, it can also induce students to become too much dependents on different online technologies for completing educational projects. Therefore, it can actually create ad verse impact on the innovative thinking perspective of the students. Literature Gap: On the basis of above discussion, it can be assessed that online collaboration tools has revolutionized the way postgraduate students fulfill their educational activities. It has provided access to the best professors from different geographical locations. Therefore, it has also likely to create massive impact on the enhancement of skills, knowledge and capabilities of the students. However, online collaboration tools in educational sector are still a new phenomenon. Therefore, not much study has been conducted on assessing the exact impact of different online collaboration tools to the postgraduate study. For that reason, the research study will look to identify the factors that increasing the popularity of the online collaboration tools significantly. References: Biasutti, M., Heba, E. D. (2012). Using Wiki in teacher education: Impact on knowledge management processes and student satisfaction.Computers Education,59(3), 861-872. Cheung, R., Vogel, D. (2013). Predicting user acceptance of collaborative technologies: An extension of the technology acceptance model for e-learning.Computers Education,63, 160-175. Hidayanto, A. N., Setyady, S. T. (2014). Impact of Collaborative Tools Utilization on Group Performance in University Students.Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology-TOJET,13(2), 88-98. Kirschner, P. A., Buckingham-Shum, S. J., Carr, C. S. (Eds.). (2012).Visualizing argumentation: Software tools for collaborative and educational sense-making. Springer Science Business Media. Purcell, K., Buchanan, J., Friedrich, L. (2013). The impact of digital tools on student writing and how writing is taught in schools.Washington, DC: Pew Research Center.

To Clone Or Not To Clone (1149 words) Essay Example For Students

To Clone Or Not To Clone (1149 words) Essay To Clone Or Not To CloneCloning is an issue that has been evolving during time. At thebegining, cloning was been researched and was described as somethingthat was hard to reach. Even science fiction movies, such asMultiplicity, were produced about cloning. As the time went through,cloning became a reality. In 1996 Dolly, the first mammal, a sheep wasborn. Dolly was created by Ian Wilmut, an embryologist of the Roslinginsitute ( World Book, http://www.worldbook.com ). Since then, manymammals, such as mice and calves were created. Right now, there is afear, that humans might be the next to be cloned. Ruth macklin and Charles Krauthammer discuss this matter in twoessays were they state whether cloning is right or wrong. Ruth Macklin, a professor of Bioethics, wrote an essay about thisissue. Human Cloning? Dont Just Say No is the title of her article. We will write a custom essay on To Clone Or Not To Clone (1149 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Her essay discusses the negative response of the people to HumanCloning. As the title of the essay says: Human Cloning? Dont Just SayNo, Macklin believes that cloning deserves a chance to be developed inhumans. Macklin talks about Human Clones not being accepted as human beings. Shestates that an ethicist said once, that human cloning would be aviolation to the right to genetic identity (Perspectives ofContemporary Issues, pg. 508). Macklin doubts about the exsistence ofthis right. She explains many points about Human Cloning and aboutethics. One of the points she mentiones, is about the violation to humandignity. Theologians say that cloning would be a violation to dignityand also that cloned humans would be treated with less respect thanother human beings. Another issue she discusses is the fact that Human Clones could be usedas human farms or organ donors. Macklin gives many examples about thecases where human cloning might be accepted. Mothers that can not havechildren, families that have children that are sick to death or alsocouples that may have genetic defects (Perspectives of ContemporaryIssues, pg. 508). In conclusion, Macklin thinks, that human cloning should be accepted orat least an opportunity should been given to develop Human Cloning. On the other hand, Charles Krauthammer, the author of the secondessay Of Headless Mice..And Men is totally against Cloning in everyway. His essay talks about the cloning that was made in mice. Researchers have been able to locate different genes and than deletesome genes, just to see what comes out. They erased the clone thatcreates the head and produced headless mice that obviosly died when thewere born. Krauthammer does not understand, how humans can create such type ofmice. He talks about the chance of creating humans with no heads. Hesays, that the goal of these production of headless humans, could bekept as an organ farm. He also gives examples of Cloning, such as thepossibility to create models, and geniuses (Perspectives of ContemporaryIssues, pg. 510). Krauthammer mentiones that President Bill Clintonbanned cloning, but it wont be long until it is accepted. Krauthammercloncusion is the prohibition of Human cloning and every type ofcloning. These essays are a clear example of what cloning is and what theresponses might be. As Macklin is in favor of Cloning, Krauthammer isnot. Macklins essay talks more about cloning as having a twin, a personthat will be living with us and form part of the family. A companionthat will be there to live life as it is. There are other terms for cloning such as carbon copy. .u0dbda5cc6cfd7c862b5408a2af4ab228 , .u0dbda5cc6cfd7c862b5408a2af4ab228 .postImageUrl , .u0dbda5cc6cfd7c862b5408a2af4ab228 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0dbda5cc6cfd7c862b5408a2af4ab228 , .u0dbda5cc6cfd7c862b5408a2af4ab228:hover , .u0dbda5cc6cfd7c862b5408a2af4ab228:visited , .u0dbda5cc6cfd7c862b5408a2af4ab228:active { border:0!important; } .u0dbda5cc6cfd7c862b5408a2af4ab228 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0dbda5cc6cfd7c862b5408a2af4ab228 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0dbda5cc6cfd7c862b5408a2af4ab228:active , .u0dbda5cc6cfd7c862b5408a2af4ab228:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0dbda5cc6cfd7c862b5408a2af4ab228 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0dbda5cc6cfd7c862b5408a2af4ab228 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0dbda5cc6cfd7c862b5408a2af4ab228 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0dbda5cc6cfd7c862b5408a2af4ab228 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0dbda5cc6cfd7c862b5408a2af4ab228:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0dbda5cc6cfd7c862b5408a2af4ab228 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0dbda5cc6cfd7c862b5408a2af4ab228 .u0dbda5cc6cfd7c862b5408a2af4ab228-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0dbda5cc6cfd7c862b5408a2af4ab228:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sir Gawain And The Green Knight EssayOn the other hand, Krauthammers essay describes human clones with noheads. Human farms that will be there in case something goes wrong withthe original. These half human beings would be different, they would bekept alive, like an organ reserve if the original loses a hand, thenthe clone gives that person a hand. What kind of thoughts are those? Isit possible that scientists have come to a point were they want tocreate Monsters? This would really be a violation to human dignity. Aharm to the cloned person that might not have a brain tothink, but he sure will have the same arms, legs, hands, etc as theoriginal. He might not have the same face as the original, but he willhave a heart and I am sure that he would not like to live headless. Ifcloning will be this way, than it should be completly banned. Both essays are very persuasive, but there is a difference inboth. The examples given by the authors have a huge roll in thepersuasive part, Krauthammer has examples that might be more persuasivethan Macklins. They both explain the two faces of cloning and under which conditiond itmight be developed. Macklin gives us an explanation trying to convincethe public of giving human cloning a chance to happen. She alsodescribes cloning as some kind of human farm, but mostly what sheexplains is that cloning can be taken as something normal, as an in-vitro fertilization, for example. Many people do not really know whathuman cloning really is and misunderstand its meaning. Macklin gives ashort explanation, but as every experiment, it must have somedificulties. Krauthammers essay is totally against cloning. He is very persuasiveand gives examples that will change the way of thinking of many peopleand turn them against cloning. He gives exapmles, that are almostimposibble to believe. Headless people, headless mice, keeping humanclones alive as an organ farm, etc. All these examples are a reality andanyone who is mature enough and has reasoning will be against thecreation of headless humans. This essays have the same topic, but are different. Although bothtalk about human cloning, the essays are different. As we could see, in Macklins essay, the cloned humans are consideredpersons. Krauthammers essay mostly discusses human clones as humanfarms. Macklin talks about cloning being banned, but she does not statewho banned it. Krauthammer explains this as saying that Dolly madepresident Clinton create a comission and temporary banned humanclonning. Eventhough there is a temporary ban, this could someday beaccepted. Krauthammer thinks, that this should be banned forever. There are a lot of different opinions about cloning and also a lotof mistaken thoughts about this issue. Many articles have been writtenand discussed. Many questions are to be answered and more research is tobe done. This type of essays can clear some doubts people have, but arenot enough to say I am in favor or I am against. It is anissue that will be a controversy for al long time. It might be right tocreate a human clone as a person, but it is very wrong to use a humanclone as a human farm. Everyone has the right to live a normal life. Ifthis right will be violated than, no cloned humans should be created. As Macklin says: A world not safe foe cloned humans would be a worldnot safe for the rest of us. BibliographyMacklin, Ruth Human Cloning? Dont Just Say No Perspectives onContemporary Issues. Pages 507-508Krauthammer, Charles Of Headless MiceAnd Men Perspectives onContemporary Issues. Pages 509-511Wachbroit, Robert Human Cloning Isnt as Sacry as it Sounds Washington Post. www.washingtonpost.com

Unit 4 Lab 1 Example

Unit 4 Lab 1 Example Unit 4 Lab 1 – Coursework Example Unit 4 Lab The backup of data entails a strategic approach towards achieving a methodical utilized in copying and eventually recovering organizational data resourcefully. The business in this case scenario would require an upgrade on the current system. This would in the long run ensure the business organizations data is accessible on a day-to-day and functional basis. The back solution criteria after an assessment review comprises of the following activities: Equipment RecommendedServers (Backup Systems)These devices can involve the addition of storage space preferably off the business premises in other locations to minimize on the risk of catastrophe. Storage space entails disks that offer faster access and recovery of data. The data storage locations or Servers would have an upgrade, for instance, new Cisco Servers :Server Room: Server 1: 50GB – upgrade to 1 TerabyteServer Room: Server 2: 100GB – upgrade to 2 TerabyteAccounting Dept.: Server 3: 10GB – upgrade to 500GBThe approximated pricing for acquisition and installation of storage disks amounts to $ 2000 in expenses for the business Backup Software Backup software for example advanced SQL and DBMS offer or ensure the protection of critical data regardless if it is positioned in virtual or physical environments. Exceptional software provides continuous data protection (CDP) for both databases and file servers. Estimated software acquisition and installation costs - $ 800 Network CablesProvide connection links between multiple and different devices within the network. Let us say, for example, Ethernet cables. Estimated cabling costs - $ 500. Strong or Stable InternetA stable uplink and downlink for the network has to be established so as to facilitate and factoring the future increase in traffic. Therefore, increasing the internet bandwidth would be advantageous. Estimated Internet bandwidth increase (12 Mbps) subscription costs - $ 500Location of the Equipment in the NetworkThe locati on of the equipment within the network would be decentralized for the backup servers where some of the storage devices will be place off the premises to reduce the risk for data loss via theft or natural catastrophes like storms. The network system will be appropriately configured with a dedicated bandwidth of 12 Mbps form the ISP while following all the configuration protocols for all the network layers before deployment. Backup media UtilizedThe media utilized in accomplishing the system upgrade majorly involve the introduction of new servers that are to offer additional hosting space for the company data. The system hardware and software used offer data de-duplication which decreases redundancy and saves energy and storage costs.Backup scheduleConducted between 10.00 PM to 6.00 AM the following day for all working days. Backup and restore procedureThe Company Data is initially backed up on the respective back up devices and systems both on the site and off site servers.The data r estoration is achieved either via moving the data physically on tapes or portable (removable) hard drives to another location electronically. This is only done in the event of an authorization and validation of the system user in the system staff database.The data can then be replicated to a satellite location or cloud partner. References Preston, W. C. (2009).  Backup Recovery: Inexpensive Backup Solutions for Open Systems. Sebastopol: OReilly Media, Inc.

LAB REPORT Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lab Report Example The ultimate intention is to determine the polarity of these molecules based on the relative electro-negativities of the atoms relating to the molecular hence stating whether a molecule is either polar or nonpolar. It has been generally known that a non-polar solvent will often dissolve a nonpolar molecule but not a polar molecule. It is therefore to a large extent, necessary to understand the theory behind the polarity of a molecule. This information will be critical in making of prudent decisions in certain chemical practices such as extractions and separations. This report therefore practically looks at the various steps taken to concluding on the polarity of certain molecules. Prominently used in the procedure is the VPESR theory. The VPESR theory seeks to predict molecular shapes of compounds from their Lewis structure since the molecular formulas have no direct relationship to the shape of molecules. According to the VSEPR theory the molecule will take up the geometry so as to minimize valence electron repulsion in the central atom of the molecule. In addition, the presence of lone pairs and the number of valence electrons majorly influence this geometry. There are various geometries which a molecule can adopt. These include; linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, trigonal pyramidal and octahedral geometries. After the molecular shape has been obtained the polarity of a molecule can be predicted based on the presence of polar bonds. A bond is polar or non-polar based on the electro-negativities of the atoms in the bond. The greater the difference in electro-negativities the more polar the bond. The atom with a greater electro -negativity tends to pull the shared electrons towards themselves, hence giving them a partial negative charge and leaves the adjacent atom with a partial positive charge, thus polarity. The symbol for a dipole moment of a polar bond is -|-- > with

A Customer who Has Language Barrier that Someone Has Trouble Understan Essay

A Customer who Has Language Barrier that Someone Has Trouble Understanding English - Essay Example This would forge loyal following among its customers who are foreign speakers many of which are big spenders. Customer service can also be easily facilitated if reps can understand the language of the customer. For the customers, this would be a wonderful experience for them to be truly understood by the store where they make their purchases. This would surely develop a strong following among the foreign segment of the market. 3. Include cultural sensitivity training to front liners. There is a significant portion of Macy’s customers who are of foreign origin like me. This would tremendously improve their customer interaction and ultimately customer satisfaction leading to repeat and loyal customers. This would also separate Macy’s from the competition is a more customer-oriented retail store. Macy would also have the benefit of widening its customer base to include foreigners and international students like me. Describe insights you gained by carrying out this ‘shopping trip’ under the consumer role you adopted. What occurred to you that you’ve never thought about before? How do these insights affect the way you think about consumer behaviors and serving consumer markets? Besides the shopper with the specific situation you were assigned, who else might benefit from changes to a store that would better accommodate that kind of shopper? This trip made me realized that customer service is, in fact, a science that retail stores spend time, money and effort to become good at. Reflecting on it, I understand why because if the product and price are the same or even slightly higher, I would tend to buy at the store where I was taken good cared of or had the better customer experience. The store would also benefit from this experience as customers become more conscious of their shopping experience and are likely to provide feedback which could help them improve their products and service.

Comparison of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois

Comparison of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois had contrasting views on how to deal with the problems facing American-Americans. Which was superior in dealing with these conflicts? Booker T. Washington and WEB Du Bois are perhaps the two most important and influential African-Americans of the late nineteenth century and they both played pivotal roles in the Civil Rights movement. However, as the question suggests, they also had very contrasting political beliefs when it came to impacting the African-American movement. To fully understand where the two leaders had similarities and contrasts in their political views, I will first study Washingtons contributions to the African-American cause, and the reasons behind his choices. Focus will then shift to Du Bois views and his main criticisms of Washington, and whether these criticisms were valid or not. To understand the methods and reactions of Washington and Du Bois it is first essential to understand the background they were functioning in. During the late nineteenth century, when Washington and Du Bois were at their peak, Reconstruction had failed and life for many African-Americans was considerably worse then it had been before the American Civil War and the abolishment of slavery. African-Americans found themselves in the worse paid jobs in both rural areas, where they were exploited by an unfair sharecropping system, and in more urban areas, where the industrial revolution was beginning to take hold. Segregation was also rapidly moving throughout American society being reinforced in 1896 by the Plessy vs. Fergusoncase where it was decided that segregation was constitutional under the argument that it was â€Å"separate but equal†. More worryingly, during this time the number of African-Americans falling victim to lynching was rapidly growing. Due to these worsening con ditions many African-American leaders of the time developed a tolerating attitude towards the obvious oppression there people were suffering, believing that outspoken protest would only make situations worse, and so instead they would appeal for aid from wealthy and influential whites and encourage African-Americans to â€Å"lift themselves by their bootstraps†[1]. When looking at the background context it becomes clear why Washington and Du Bois had differing views when it came to Civil Rights. Washington had been born a slave in the South and grew up poorly fed and clothed and was denied an education. Growing up in the South Washington would have had first hand experience with the sort of discrimination many African-Americans were faced with at the time and would have also understood the real fear many African-Americans had of lynching. With this in mind it can be seen why Washington would have been more cautious in his methods of progressing Civil Rights. Du Bois by contrast was born a freeman in the North and didnt suffer discrimination until he entered higher education, and so it is understandable why he would not have had the same reservations as Washington when it came to a more radical approach to dealing with the oppression of African-Americans. Washingtons work for the African-American race can be most clearly seen when looking at the Tuskegee Institution, which still exists today. The school opened in July 1881 and was at the outset only space rented from a local church, with only one teacher, that being Washington. The following year Washington was able to purchase a former plantation, which became the permanent site of the school, and the students themselves erected and fitted the buildings, as well as growing their own crops and rearing their own livestock. While the Tuskegee Institute did offer some academic training for teachers, its main focus was on providing practical skills needed to survive in rural areas, such as carpentry and modern agricultural techniques. It can be argued that this more vocational slant towards teaching was damaging in the progression of African-American rights, however Washington believed that to become socially equal to whites, African-Americans must first become economically equal and show that they are responsible American citizens, who had something to offer society. Also, it can be argued that the practical teaching of the Tuskegee Institute was far more beneficial for the time than academic teaching would have been. The Institute is also a good example of why perhaps Washington had some merit with his views of appeasement. Washington was able to use his friendship with powerful white men to help finance the school and even got ex-slave owners, such as George W. Campbell, to support the new school. Without this aid it is unlikely that the Tuskegee Institute would have ever evolved from a small rented room into the huge institution that it is today. While the Tuskegee Institute showcased Washingtons views on education the Atlanta Expedition Address illustrated what he supposedly believed African-Americans place in society should be. Washington delivered the address in 1895, and was designed to â€Å"cement the friendship of the races and bring about hearty cooperation between them† [2]. Washingtons main purpose with the Atlanta Address was to help achieve a realistic settlement between Southern Whites, Northern Whites and the African-American community in a time when race relations were only getting worse. Washington was no doubt anxious not to antagonise the white population who held African-Americans at their mercy, and so he â€Å"urged blacks to remain in the South, work at the ‘common occupations of life, and accept the fact of white supremacy† [3]. When addressing the white population in his speech Washington reassured them that African-Americans had no intention or interest in securing social equality, that all they required was economic cooperation, â€Å"In all things that are purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress† [4]. The work Washington did for African-American crossed over into the twentieth century with the creation of the National Negro Business Leaguein 1900. The aim of the League was to help promote and further the commercial and financial development of African-American business [5], not only in the South but also the North of America. The creation of the League empathized Washingtons belief that to become socially equal to whites that African-Americans must first become economically equal. However it can be argued that the League held little importance when considering African-American business as it did little to assist, but that it allowed Washington to have a â€Å"stronghold† of men in every black population of importance [6]. Compared to Washington Du Bois political views can be seen as being quite radical for the social climate of the time. Du Bois probably had more radical views because of his different background, as he didnt have a history of slavery and did live in fear of lynching the way many African-Americans did at the time. However, Du Bois did share some similarities in thought with Washington, for example Du Bois also believed that African-Americans needed to help bring themselves out of social inequality. However, unlike Washington, Du Bois believed that African-Americans needed leadership from a college-educated elite and that simple vocational education wasnt enough to elevate the position of African-Americans in society, â€Å"Men we shall have only as we make manhood the object of the work of the schools intelligence, broad sympathy, knowledge of the world that was and is, and of the relation of men to it this is the curriculum of that Higher Education which must underlie true life.On this foundation we may build bread winning, skill of hand and quickness of brain, with never a fear lest the child and man mistake the means of living for the object of life†[7], Du Bois set out the ideas of an elite group of African-Americans teaching other African-Americans in his â€Å"The Talented Tenth† article, the idea being that there was one in ten African-Americans, the talented tenth, was capable of becoming an influential leader, who would lead other African-Americans to a better future. Du Bois had many criticism of Washington, many of which he set out in an essay in 1903 titled â€Å"Of Mr Booker T Washington and Others†. Du Bois felt that Washington focused too much on vocational education and that â€Å"his educational program was too narrow† [8]. This particular criticism no doubt evolved from Du Bois own education which was wide and varied, and his more privileged background which allowed him the luxury of exploring avenues of education that wouldnt directly lead to work. Du Bois also believed that Washingtons methods and arguments â€Å"practically accepts the alleged inferiority of the Negro races†[9]. This criticism is almost entirely valid as Washington himself stated that African-Americans should accept White Supremacy in his Atlanta Expedition Address, and while it is doubtful that Washington himself saw the African-American race as inferior, he did little to try and convince the general population otherwise. Washington urged African-Americans to earn security through economic means and technical skills, and he put little importance on higher education and political and social rights, believing that they would follow naturally from economic freedom. However Du Bois argued that this approach would lead to many African-Americans living below the poverty line, because he believed that it was impossible for most people to gain economic rights and freedoms when they were unequal socially. Du Bois also clashed with Washington due to their differing political ideologies. While Washington championed capitalist ideals, Du Bois, who became a leading Black Marxist, felt that any social freedoms gained by economic progress would make the African-American population into dishonest money makers [10]. Du Bois Marxist views came into play with other disparagements he had with Washington, most apparent in 1903 when Du Bois tried to prove Washington was using â€Å"hush money† to control the African-American press, to make sure his own views were the more favoured in print [11]. To some degree Du Bois criticisms of Washington were valid, as Washington did little to resolve the social issues that plagued the African-American race, so as not to seem controversial or threatening to the white population. However, when looking at the backgrounds of the two leaders it becomes obvious why they had such opposing views. Washington had been born a Slave in the South and so he would naturally be more cautious and reserved when dealing with the white population as he knew the damage that a majority population could cause to African-Americans. He matured in a time when the number of lynchings was ever growing, and so he would fully recognise and understand the fear most African-Americans lived with. Du Bois by contrast, was born a freeman in the North, which was far more liberal and accepting than the South and so he didnt have a proper grasp of the everyday problems and anxieties many African-Americans dealt with. It can also be argued that while Du Bois spent large amo unts of his time criticising Washington, he actually did nothing practical to forward the progress of African-Americans the way Washington did with the Tuskegee Institute. While Du Bois was Washingtons most vocal and famous opponent, he was far from the only challenger. A black president of Atlanta University, John Hope, was vocal of his disagreement with Washingtons Atlanta Address, stating in 1896 â€Å"I regard it as cowardly and dishonest for any of our coloured men to tell white people and coloured people that we are not struggling for equality. Now catch your breath, for I am going to say that we demand social equality† [12]. While this view was to be expected among Northern black leaders, Hope shattered the illusion that all African-Americans in the South were willing to simply accept their lowered social status. William Monroe Trotter, editor of the Boston Guardian, was another of Washingtons most unforgiving critics and claimed that â€Å"[Washington], whatever good he may do, has injured and is injuring the race more than he can aid it by his school. Let us hope that Booker Washington will remain mouth-closed at Tuskegee. If he will do this, all his former sins will be forgiven†[13]. Trotters views are to some degree far harsher than Du Bois were, but the general idea theme is the same, that Washington was not helping the African-American race by deemphasising the importance of social equality, and that he was in fact hindering to movement. Trotter also challenged Washington at a National Negro Business League meeting in Boston while Washington was giving a speech. Trotter posed a number of questions that challenged Washington and his views, before he was arrested. While Washington did not respond to the challenges, Trotter made his point and the incident was reported as â€Å"The Boston Riot† the next day in papers. As can be seen, Washington and Du Bois had to some degree very opposing views on how to handle and progress the African-American race. Washington put great empathise on vocational education that would give practical skills to African-Americans living in the South. Rather than focus on social and political equality, Washington stressed the importance of economic advancement, believing that once the average African-American had the power of wealth that political and social freedoms and powers would follow. Washington felt there was great importance in appeasing the white majority, for the economic and political power it affording him in furthering the African-American cause and because he lived in the turbulent South, where it was dangerous to be a radical black man. Du Bois political ideas contrasted with Washingtons idea of â€Å"appeasement† and he had a far more radical approach to Civil Rights. Du Bois didnt think that it was possible for African-Americans to achieve econom ic equality before they had achieved social and political equality. Du Bois more radical approach stems from his background, as he did not share the same fear as Washington and did not experience the same forms of racism. Bu Bois could afford to be more radical has he had not experienced slavery and his placement in the North meant that he did not share the fear of lynching that many in the South had. Du Bois also put more empathise on academic teaching and did not feel that Washingtons vocational education would be useful in helping the progress of African-Americans. However, Washington and Du Bois did share some similarities in political thought. They both recognised the importance of having the support of powerful white men, who could both finance and encourage their cause. While both Washington and Du Bois had good arguments for doing things in their particular ways, it is probably safe to say that neither had perfect strategies. Washington was too timid to argue for equality, and Du Bois had no practical ideas he could implement. It is fair to suggest that a mixture of their two views would have been the best way to progress the African-American cause, as Washington had practical methods of improved the average African-Americans life, such as the Tuskegee Institute, and Du Bois was able to protest the obvious oppression that African-Americans suffered. Bibliography American Memory from the Library of Congress, 2008, National Negro Business League, http://lcweb2.loc.gov:8081/ammem/amrlhtml/dtnegbus.html Fairclough, Adam, 2002, Better Day Coming: Blacks and Equality, 1890-2000, New York: Penguin Books Franklin, John H., Meier, August, 1982, Black Leaders of the Twentieth Century, Illinois: University of Illinois Press History Matters, 2006, Booker T. Washington Delivers the 1895 Atlanta Compromise Speech, http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/39/ History Matters, 2006, W.E.B. DuBois Critiques Booker T. Washington: Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others, http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/40 TeachingAmericanHistory.org, 2008, The Talented Tenth by WEB Du Bois, http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=174 White, John,1985, Black Leadership in America 1895-1968, New York: Longman Inc.

Family Reunion Essay

Have you ever been to or prepared a family reunion? It’s a great time for fun, food fellowship, reminiscing and also a big supplier for T-shirts. Many family celebrations are celebrated different from the way they’re celebrated on television. I attended my first family reunion when I was twelve years old, it was no ordinary family reunion; it involved my immediately family and also extended family, and lasted overnight. It was an overall fun experience and it brought me closer to my family and other unknown relatives. A family reunion on television is prepared and organized, unlike a family reunion in reality where it is sometimes unorganized. For example, a family reunion on television shows organization because they make sure everything is planned and there is no confusion such as what is going on each day of the weekend and no mix-ups or changes made and every family member has an invitation. â€Å"A family that prays together stays together†, is something my grandmother Medea would always say. I will be describing about the family reunion which brought my family and I closer together. Sadly, not all people, especially teenagers appreciate their family, getting acquainted night was our first gathering I did not realize how many family members I had, and I was very overwhelmed at first. I was reluctant to be involved and stayed close to my immediate family I honestly did not want to be where I was and also felt awkward after some time. I started liking it when we got a bit more involved in the activities, we played icebreaker games and there were a few speeches giving. The night turned out pretty fun and the family picnic was probably the most fun part of the reunion. After experiencing a gist of the reunion the night before I was ready to be more involved and reached out I got to know family members who I did not know. After a day it was as if I knew them my whole life this part of the reunion was probably the most active games were held again, and it was all laughs and good times. The family banquet was a formal event my Aunt Ariel was hosting and it closed the family reunion. The whole family gathered at the formal banquet where closing remarks were made and we spoke about the good time we had during the activities. The family reunion was concluded that we should do something like this more often, after this whole time, grandmother Medea, who was one of the older members in the family reiterated the importance of the family. Due to all the games and activities I did not realize that this reunion actually served a deeper purpose for me and it was just a very fun event. However, after much thought, I knew these words my grandmother spoke ‘’a family that prays together stays together’’ really had a lot of meaning behind them. By gathering all the members of our family, and joining together in prayer, meals and in good laughs a house that is divided cannot stand†, and family is a very important part of anyone’s life. Family is worth fighting for, also worth doing whatever it takes to see them more often or on regular basis.

A Year in the South 1865: The True Story of Four Ordinary People

A Year in the South 1865, written by Stephen V. Ash, was published by First Perennial Press in 2004. It runs to 304 pages and deals with a year in the American south during the final year of the bloody United States Civil War.This war cost more American lives than any other conflict in the nation’s history and turned families against each other as sides were drawn. Stephen V. Ash, appropriately enough, teaches history at the University of Tennessee and has authored other books on the Civil War, including When the Yankees Came: Conflict and Chaos in the Occupied South.A Year in the South 1865 covers the twelve month span between January and December of 1865 as the war was winding toward its rather foregone conclusion. Ash has chosen to revisit this story of the fall of Dixie in a personal way, using four citizens of the bellicose Confederate States of America that stood in armed rebellion against the federal government of the United States as narrators.The year 1865 was chaotic in the United States, seeing the assassination of a great American leader, the end of the armed conflict, the beginning of the period termed Reconstruction and the emancipation of slaves in American States.Each narrator has a unique vantage from which he views the occurrences related in this work. One of the figures is a former Confederate soldier, one is a slave, wanting his freedom more than anything else, one is a widow, hungry and hopeless and the fourth is a planter and Christian minister whose faith is sorely tried.By 1865 the handwriting was on the wall. Early in the year North Carolina’s effectiveness as a haven for blockade-runners was broken.   William T. Sherman’s sweep through Georgia, creating a swath of scorched earth as he marched, was repeated in South Carolina, virtually destroying the state. It was blitzkrieg without the air support. It was lightening on the ground and it was devastating in its intensity and frightening in its brutality.Sherman lef t nothing behind. Against this backdrop the forces of the Army of the United States Federal Government came closer and closer to Richmond, and all but the deaf and blind understood the fall of Old Dominion was a fait accompli.Lee evacuated the capital in early April and the end was imminent. Jefferson Davis had made peace overtures to Lincoln early in the year, with demands that the independence of the south be recognized. Lincoln knew the war was all but over and dismissed the peace feeler out of hand.The Old South is dead and the four protagonists of the Stephen Ash work bear witness to the birth of the New. Ash captivates the reader with vivid tales of triumph and tragedy as the protagonists try to cope in a society whose very fabric is rent and bloodied in the ashes of disheartening defeat. Each of the individuals presented in this book are writers and keep journals of their times.This is a fascinating look into the lives of four ordinary people who are witness to a microcosmic view of the death throes of an age now long dead and of the nova that produced the New South, which is much the same today as when it first began in that painful birthing period in the year 1865. The subtitle of this book calls 1865 the most tumultuous 12 months in American history. It is not merely hype.John Robertson was a Confederate soldier, doing his duty as he saw it, though this duty caused him to stand in rebellion against his nation’s government and take arms against that institution. It must be understood today that the American civil war is more than just a difference of ideologies that lead to an armed confrontation.It is a renunciation of vows and oaths of loyalty to one’s own. It is to turn traitor to the homeland. â€Å"If such there breathe, go, mark him well; for him no minstrel raptures swell;†¦and, doubly dying, [he] shall go down to the vile dust from whence he sprung, unwept, unhonored, and unsung,† wrote Sir Walter Scott in The Lay of the Last Minstrel.Robertson is the target of vigilantes during the year of 1865, pursued by those with different ideologies. In the course of the year he is to flee over a thousand miles to escape the wrath of those bent on taking revenge on him for his perceived part in the bloody conflict.The cities of the South are occupied by what amounts to an alien army, while the frontiers of the relatively young republic are less civilized, and the citizens of the wilderness territories are subject to more than a modicum of frontier justice as well as to the dockets of more than a few kangaroo courts.The politics of this period are such that the victorious north is determined, by hook or crook, to impose its will upon the defeated insurgents in general, and those it can identify as ex-soldiers in particular. Ideally it will achieve its aims at the polling place, but if it can not, it is not adverse to a bit of armed confrontation of its own.Robertson finds himself the subject of reprisals as union loyalists seek their revenge on those who are available to them and he is forced to flee for his life.At one point he finds it expedient to move into the north, and comes to rest in a community in Iowa, where he feels like a fish out of water, unable to cope with cultural differences and what he perceives as a cold and calculating veneer spread over the peoples.Yankee and German immigrant merchants are not as warm as his fellow Southerners. The lack of Southern charm and hospitality is more than he can bear and he ultimately realizes that he cannot stay in such a place.This same hospitable citizen of a once genteel South hates Negroes with a blind passion and is willing to give his life to see that a form of government that holds some human beings to be chattel will survive and prosper. Ash quotes him as describing some blacks as, â€Å" ‘the greasiest bunch of nig[g]ers I ever saw.’ Just being around them made him sick,† (56).   When the shoe is on the other foot there is a great lack of understanding as to why man must be so callous in regard to his fellow man. Robertson is shocked to learn that bigotry can be directed toward him. Isn’t he white? Isn’t he a Southerner? Did he not fight to preserve his heritage? He feels forced to flee from is home in Knoxville.He feels that the Negro is rising above his station and the world, it must seem, has turned upside down. It is ironic that Robertson’s saga, his tale of misery in the aftermath of a war which he violently abetted, is found in the same tome as is found the tale of a former slave whom he considered below him and fit only for servitude. Robertson would not have liked to share the stage with a Negro in all likelihood.He is stunned that he becomes the second-class citizen in his travels and he has difficulty believing the incredible lack of manners exhibited by northerners. He finds it unacceptable that they do not offer the simple hospitality of a hot meal to visitors and he feels that they are looking down on him. Robertson eventually becomes a preacher, accepting the call to spread the gospel of Christ to his fellow man.Louis Hughes begins his narrative as a slave who has risen to what is stereotypically considered to be a plum assignment for a man in his position, that of house-slave.He becomes the family butler eventually. Having a good job as a slave seems similar to the old adage of enjoying a comfortable seat in hell. His is witness to the death of his twin children as his wife is too over-worked to see to their needs and they die of neglect.He tries to escape, and is recaptured by a military patrol. When he is returned to his rightful owner he is beaten by the kindly old white master, who puts him in stocks to administer the requisite justice, pausing when he tires, to rest and read the newspaper (120).It is the disparity of view and juxtaposition of these two narrators that adds so much flavor to this history. Hughes seems to be the more sympathetic of the two, and is the more altruistic.He is called upon to demonstrate his intestinal fortitude and acquits himself well. He manages to save members of his family and proves his ability to learn and expand. He comes to Milwaukee, where he becomes a nurse, doing much good for those in need. Both men travel far and see much. Their sojourns give added dimension to their tales and prevent them from narrating with a frog’s eye concept of life in the post-bellum American South.Cornelia McDonald is the widow of a Confederate officer. She lives in Lexington, Virginia. Her story is the only one told from a woman’s perspective and it fills in many of the gaps left by the tales related by the male narrators in that she deals more with the domestic issues of her day. She is also witness to the abject hunger and devastating poverty which settled over the south like an all intrusive fog, penetrating to the core of the land, pervasive and all encompassing.He r bitter struggle to simply find enough food to subsist is a telling point in this work. All too often a history will deal only with the nuts and bolts of the events, relating the politics and mechanizations that occurred in the reconstruction of a defeated and fallen society, overlooking the seemingly insignificant issue of bread.McDonald’s tale covers this aspect of the bitter year when a once proud and even arrogant people lost everything, falling lower than they believed it possible to fall.McDonald is left with seven hungry children and struggles daily just to find them enough food to survive. She relates a tale of how she unwove a mattress to recycle the threads into a suit of clothing for one of her sons (36). It is a story reminiscent of the classic scene described by Margaret Mitchell of how Scarlett O’Hara took the velvet drapes from the windows of her once glorious Tara and had the material tailored into a ball gown.Planter cum preacher, Sam Agnew is the fou rth member of this group of narrators of the year 1865 in this southern history. He bears further witness to the hunger and utter destitution left in the wake of the merciless marauding Union army.He comes bearing tales of the land and people in a way unique to a farmer who has witnessed a period when even heaven seemed to conspire against the south, withholding rain and desiccating the crops, bringing famine and disease (150).McDonald is perhaps a metaphor for the land, relating how she survived that year of infamy, prospering eventually, and becoming a friend of the revered icon of all that is Southern, General Robert Edward Lee.She relates rather poignantly how Lee remains the courtly Southern aristocrat in defeat and urges his fellow Southerners to forgive and forget and move on with their lives. She does not mention how this courtly aristocrat, a graduate of West Point, reneged on his solemn oath to the United States and took up arms against it.She fails to mention that what he and the other Southern officers, who had once been Union officers, had done was treason and could have resulted in their execution.It seems the least bit fatuous for an historian like Ash to glorify the mien of Southern gentry who were largely responsible, if not for causing the war, then at least for extending it by years with the military expertise they had been taught in a United States military academy. Had they all refused to gainsay their sacred oaths the war might not have been prosecuted for lack of leadership.Works CitedAsh, S.V.   A Year in the South 1865: The True Story of Four Ordinary People Who Lived Through the Most Tumultuous Twelve Months in American   History   New York: First Perennial Edition 2004   

Biography on Women in Psychology - Mary Whiton Calkins

Mary Whiton Calkins grew up in a male dominated society. This was during the late 1800s and early 1900s when almost every one was a male chauvinist. She had to struggle through out her education especially in 1984 when her younger sister died and her mother’s health condition deteriorated forcing her to drop out of school for a year. When her sister, Mauda, died she spent the entire year tutoring her two young brothers. During this hard period she also studied Greek. During her life she put adequate effort and determination worth inspiring. (Zedler, 1995). This is noticed in her contribution to the then new field in science of psychology. This kind of society did not deter her from setting goals, achieving them as well as championing for women rights in the society.   Mary was born in Hartford, Connecticut on 30th march 1863. She grew up in buffalo to a close knit white family of seven. Her dad was clergy in Presbyterian Church within buffalo, in 1810 he was moved to Newton Massachusetts were he lived with his family     (zedler, 1995). Mary attended a local elementary school and she studied Germany in private lessons. At the age of seventeen, Mary joined Newton high school (Furumoto, 1980). During her times there was the theory that women were intellectually inferior to men hence higher levels of learning were harmful to women (Goodwin, 2008). Women had their entire life spent in the house where the married took care of their husbands while the unmarried had to take care of the ageing family. Hence women career was marriage. Due to the societal views on women capabilities only few made it through high education. Mary Whiton Calkins was amongst the rare women who not only pursued high education but also made impact in the field of psychology. At turning seventeen Mary joined Smith College in western Massachusetts. This was soon after her parents moved to Boston area. She had enrolled to pursue a bachelor’s degree in philosophy and classics .she encountered many challenges in her college life. The worsened health condition of her mother and the death of her sister derailed her graduation by one year. She however graduated in 1985. Mary had a life time experience in Europe with her family for about sixteen months, upon which she further studied Greek. Mary was a multi linguist despite of her parent’s ability to speak Germany only. She could fluently speak English, Germany, French and Greek. (Furumoto, 1980). This was a significant step in her life; she could travel to different parts of Europe especially Italy and Greece. (Zedler, 1995) Mary returned to Wesley and had an opportunity to teach Greek  Ã‚   at Wesley College. This was a liberal arts college for women. Mary took her career at Wesley seriously; this highly impressed her professors. It was at this time when she was approached by a professor in the department of philosophy to consider teaching in the disciple of psychology. (Zedler, 1995). The laboratory approach to psychology was a new discipline then. This was the turning point of her career. It was during this time when women were considered unable to pursue high education. This greatly frustrated her efforts as she tried to search for a university to further her education. At first she considered pursuing her education in Europe, but, after reading her friends letter she changed her mind. Bumb (n.d).   She had realized that the education in Germany despised women. Mary was a brilliant woman who could not just give up things easily. She broadened her search for an education that could fully benefit h er in the United States. In her search for a university, Mary, considered Michigan and Yale. Back In her mind she thought of working under known psychologist john Dewey and G. Ladd. Her intentions later changed on realizing that these two universities lacked a psychology laboratory which was core in the new discipline. Mary looked further and opted for Harvard University. This university had developed a laboratory in her field of interest. Professors William James and Josiah Royce of Harvard University made invitations to Mary to attend their lectures on informal basis. Mary was not satisfied with this informal arrangement. This prompted her to write a letter to the president of the Harvard University requesting to attend classes on formal basis. However her request was declined. With the help of her father and the president of Wesley College, she appealed against this decision. On the beginning of October in 1890, her petition was approved. This only recognized her as a formal guest of the university. She did not have the privilege to register but only to attend lectures. She received private tuition as many of students could not attend lectures because of the presence of a woman. Mary under the guidance of Edmund Sanford of Clark University, she studied experimental psychology. She attended each lecture learning new concepts each time. On the eve of 1891, Mary returned to Wesley College.   Mary became an instructor of psychology in the department of philosophy. Mary continued with her quest for more knowledge, she presented a thesis â€Å"An experimental research on the association of ideas† to the graduate committee. Her paper was approved but she was denied a degree by the Harvard University. In 1898, Mary became a full professor. Mary’s theoretical perspective was on the concept self psychology. She defined self psychology as the study of conscious people or oneself. Her perspective was greatly influenced by James. Mary was for the idea that all conscious is personal therefore it is impossible to fully define self because these qualities or association are quite unique and in flux to every person. She differentiated self psychology with the other forms of psychology e.g. psychological atomism on the basis that they excluded conscious self component which is critical in study of â€Å"self† (McDonald). Her view was a like to the one of her teacher William James that a person engages one self in an endless process of scrutiny through perception and therefore association is the main function of the mind. She expounded on this arguing that this is not just an intellectual conviction but a spiritual and moral one. Her theory was greatly despised at first and it was only through her championing that m ade this theory to see the right of the day. The theory lack of popularity was due to strong moral interconnection of man (Wentworth, 1997) She was against the theory of women intellectual inferiority to men thus she expressed this through her career. (Furumoto, 1980) Mary had significant impact in her new field of psychology. Her contributions to the field started right way when she was still in Harvard when she first wrote a paper suggesting some necessary contribution to the book â€Å"James first principles of psychology† which later James (her lecture) used to revise his book. Mary initiated the psychological laboratory at Wellesley College where she was lecturing in the new discipline. This was the first laboratory of its kind in a women college. In setting it up she consulted widely with her teachers. William James gave her a hand on dissecting sheep brains, Edmund c. Stanford gave her extensive technical advice on apparatus (Furumoto, 1980). She taught various students in her new laboratory. In 1891-1892 she guided them in dissecting a sheep’s brain. They conducted studies on association attention and even memory reaction time. Mary wrote an article in American journal describing her psychology life where she reported on how she used first-hand material and apparatus to study numerous topics. This was later followed by several articles on experiments conducted by herself and her students. Their studies had focused on children emotional life, psychological aesthetic stories, dreams among other topics (Furumoto, 1980). Dream Research: While she was still a student Mary carried out a research project with help of her teacher on dreams. They collected dreams from many people and analyzed them whereby they found a close link between people’s life and the kind of dreams they experience (Furumoto, 1980). Her research was greatly opposed by the newly- accepted Freudian view of dreams.   Her research saw the green light again when Freudian dreams analysis was attacked due to its emphasis on hidden meanings Paired-Associate Technique: The research method of paired technique she employed in perusing her doctorate has brought great impact. Her method involved pairing some numbers with bright colors and others with neutral colors. She revealed that the numerical associated with warm colors were remembered better than their counterparts. However the prime factor influencing remembrance was the frequency of exposure. This method is still of great help today Books and Writing: Mary wrote intensively during her career. She wrote an estimate of sixty eight articles in psychology. She wrote several books .e.g. â€Å"The persistent problem in philosophy† and â€Å"The good man and The Good† in1907 and 1918 respectively (Zedler, Beatrice 1995). Mary also served as the president of American psychological association in 1905. She published an autobiography in 1930 aimed at converting. Though Mary lived in days of female dispensation she left land mark in the field of psychology and great challenge to women. References Furumoto, Laurel (1991). Portraits of Pioneers in Psychology. In G.A. Kimble, M. Wertheimer C. White (Ed.), From â€Å"Paired Associates† to a Psychology of Self:   The Intellectual Odyssey of Mary Whiton Calkins†Ã‚   (pp.57-72). Washington, DC:   American Psychological Association. Goodwin, J.C. (2008). A history of modern psychology, (Third Edition) John Wiley Sons, Inc. McDonald, D. N. (2007). Differing concepts of personhood within the psychology and philosophy of Mary Whiton Calkins. Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society, Vol. 43, No. 4, Indiana University Press. Zedler, Beatrice (1995). â€Å"Mary Whiton Calkins.† In M.E. Waithe (Ed.), A History of Women Philosophers: Vol. 4(pp.103-123). Netherlands:   Kluwer Academic Publisher